Volume Two

Volume Two, Chapters 41 to 80 – 1,600 Pages

The Science and Technology of Traditional and Modern Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

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Expanded Table of Contents

VOLUME TWO, CHAPTERS 41 TO 80 - 1,600 PAGES

41) Roof Accessories and Components	p. 33
Introduction	p. 1
prefabricated Roof Accessories	p. 1
penetrations	p. 1
Cant Strips	p. 1
Cooling Systems - Roof	p. 1
Access - Roof Ladders	p. 1
Closures - Edge And Ridge	p. 2
Coping	p. 1
Cupolas	p. 1
Curbs	p. 1
Drains & Strainers	p. 1
Drip Edges	p. 1
Equipment Stands, Mounting (HVAC)	p. 1
Curb Criteria for Roof Mounted Equipment	p. 1
Stand Mounting Criteria	p. 1
Unit Installation	p. 1
Expansion Joints	p. 1
Fans - Exhaust And Smoke Extract	p. 1
Fascia	p. 1
Flashings	p. 1
Gravel Stops	p. 1
Gutters & Down Spouts	p. 1
Guy Wire Supports - Fall Arrest Safety Roof Anchors	p. 2
Hatches & Scuttles	p. 1
Lightning Protection Systems	p. 4
pavers	p. 1
pipe Supports	p. 1
pitch Pockets	p. 2
Scuppers	p. 1
Skylights	p. 1
Valleys	p. 1
Vents	p. 1
Walkways & Traffic/Protection Boards	p. 1
Accessory Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 9
References And Further Reading	p. 1
42) Awnings	p. 6
Introduction	p. 1
Materials	p. 1
protectiive Functions	p. 1
Codes	p. 1
Application	p. 2
Characteristics	p. 1
Advantages	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
Awning Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
43) Roof Drainage Systems	p. 19
Introduction	p. 1
Why drain the roof?	p. 2
Roof Drains	p. 1
Composition	p. 1
Installation Guidelines	p. 1
Sizing and Location of Drains	p. 1
Hydrostatic Pressure	p. 1
Further Considerations	p. 3
Design	p. 1
Allowing for Deflection	p. 2
Drain Codes	p. 1
Drain Guards	p. 1
Splash Blocks	p. 1
Dry Wells	p. 6
References And Further Reading	p. 1
44) Expansion Joints and Building Movement	p. 19
Introduction	p. 1
Stress-Strain Loading	p. 4
Expansion Joints	p. 1
Joints In Conventional And Modern Roofing Systems	p. 1
Membrane Control Joints	p. 1
Unbonded Membrane	p. 1
Roof Expansion Joint	p. 1
Roof Dividers	p. 1
Recent Studies On Expansion Joints - An Overview	p. 2
Application Of Expansion Joints	p. 1
Expansion Joint Cover Assemblies	p. 4
References And Further Reading	p. 2
45) Flashings and Counterflashings	p. 21
Introduction	p. 1
Types Of Flashing	p. 1
Base Flashing	p. 1
Chimney Flashing	p. 1
Conical-Style Flashing	p. 1
Coping or Cap Flashing	p. 1
Counterflashing	p. 1
Eaves Flashing	p. 1
Fascia Flashing	p. 1
Gable Rake Flashing	p. 1
Gravel Stops	p. 1
Step Flashing or Shingle Flashing	p. 1
Through-Wall Flashing	p. 1
Valley Flashing	p. 1
Sheet Metal for Flashings	p. 1
General Considerations	p. 2
perimeter Flashing and Scuppers	p. 2
penetration, Projection and Equipment Stand Flashing	p. 2
Expansion Joints	p. 1
Flashing The Built-Up And Modified Bitumen Roofing Systems	p. 1
BUR Base Flashings	p. 1
Compatibility	p. 1
Expansion Joints for BUR Systems	p. 1
Flashing The Single-Ply Membrane System	p. 1
Single-Ply Membrane Base Flashing	p. 1
Single-Ply Copings	p. 1
Flashing The Sheet Metal And Standing Seam Roofing Systems	p. 1
Summary/Conclusions	p. 2
Manufacturer's Binders	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 2
46) Skylights and Roof Windows	p. 38
Introduction	p. 1
A Few Disadvantages	p. 1
Energy Efficiency	p. 1
Statistics	p. 1
Composition	p. 1
Basic Mounting Types	p. 2
Basic Glazing Types	p. 1
Basic Functional Types	p. 1
Appearance	p. 1
Shading	p. 2
Framing (Or Curb) Materials	p. 1
Installation	p. 1
Flashings	p. 1
Galvanic Action	p. 1
Fasteners	p. 1
Engineering	p. 1
Expansion joints	p. 2
Gutters	p. 1
Sealants	p. 1
Light Wells	p. 4
Noise Reduction	p. 1
pre-Installation Testing and Warranties	p. 1
Certification	p. 7
Standards	p. 1
Lead Times	p. 1
Installing A Skylight In Residential Structures	p. 3
Cutting the Roof Opening	p. 8
Specialized Products	p. 1
Skylight Manufacturers And Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 3
47) Roof Vents	p. 16
Introduction	p. 1
Vent Types	p. 1
Net Free Area	p. 1
Blister Vents - Compact roofs	p. 2
Breather or Stack Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
Eave or Soffit Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
Gable-End Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
Insulated Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
One-Way Vents	p. 1
passive or Static Vents	p. 1
powered Vents	p. 1
Ridge Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
Roof Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
Safety Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
Solar Vents - Framed and compact roofs	p. 1
Two-Way Vents	p. 1
Verge or Rake Vents - Framed roof	p. 1
Wicks Used for Drying Out Insulation	p. 1
Vent Flashing	p. 3
Explosion Relief Vents	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 2
48) Aggregates, Granules and Protective Layers	p. 34
Introduction	p. 1
Gravel	p. 4
Gravel for Built-Up Roofing Surfacing	p. 1
Gravel for Ballast in Loosely-Laid Single Ply	p. 1
Gravel Application	p. 1
Mineral Granules For Roll Roofing, Asphalt Shingles And Cold-Applied Liquid Membranes And Coatings	p. 1
The History of Roofing Granules	p. 3
Elimination of Segregation in Roofing Granules	p. 1
Granule Surfacing Weight-In the Production of Asphalt Roofing Shingles	p. 1
Embedding of Surface Granules	p. 1
Particle Size	p. 2
Pavers	p. 1
Ease of Maintenance	p. 1
Weight Divisions	p. 1
Paver Application	p. 1
Paver Application Safety and Other Considerations	p. 2
Walkways	p. 3
Walkway Pad Application	p. 1
Raised Metal Walkway Application	p. 1
Studies On Protective Layers In Roofing - An Overview	p. 3
Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Aggregate Granules And Gravels	p. 1
Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Walkway Pads, Protection Boards, And Elevated Walkway Systems	p. 1
Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Ballast Pavers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
Aggregates	p. 1
Pavers	p. 1
Walkways	p. 1
49) Moisture and Roofing	P. 25
Introduction	P. 1
What is Condensation?	P. 1
Sources Of Moisture	P. 3
"Breathable" Single-Ply Membranes	P. 1
Precipitation	P. 1
Movement Of Moisture	P. 1
Vapor Transmission, Diffusion and Pressure	P. 2
Loft Conversion	P. 1
Capillary Action	P. 1
Effects Of Moisture	P. 1
Moisture and Temperature	P. 1
Moisture's Effect on Insulation	P. 2
Moisture and Thermal Resistance	P. 2
Moisture's Effect on Roofing Membranes	P. 3
Control Of Moisture	P. 1
Vapor Retarders	P. 1
Removal of Moisture	P. 3
References And Further Reading	P. 6
50) Moisture Measurement in the Field	P. 16
Introduction	P. 1
Moisture Measurement Techniques	P. 1
Moisture Surveys	P. 1
Measurement Of Moisture	P. 1
Non-Destructive Moisture Measurement Techniques	P. 1
Destructive Moisture Measurement Techniques	P. 1
Principles Of Roof Moisture Survey Devices	P. 6
New Field Moisture Detector for EPDM Roofs	P. 1
Aerial Thermography	P. 1
Capacitance Roof Monitoring Systems	P. 1
Further Information on Nuclear Meters	P. 1
Note	P. 1
Moisture Detection Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers	P. 1
Moisture Measuring Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers	P. 1
Moisture Measurement Inspection Services	P. 1
References And Further Reading	P. 3
51) Moisture Measurement in the Laboratory	p. 18
Introduction	p. 1
Moisture Forms	p. 1
Moisture And Its Effects On Materials	p. 1
Qualitative Testing Methods	p. 2
Quantitative Testing	p. 2
Quantitative Measurement Methods	p. 1
Infrared Measurement	p. 1
Suction Measurement	p. 3
Measuring Moisture In Wood	p. 2
Gravitimetric Measurement	p. 1
Fischer Titration	p. 1
Calcium Carbide Pressure	p. 2
Laboratory Equipoment Manufacturers And Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
52) Ice & Snow Effects on Roofing	p. 46
Introduction	p. 1
Deposition of Snow	p. 1
Problems of Measuring and Evaluating Snow Cover	p. 1
Snow Cover	p. 1
Convective Snowfall	p. 1
Snow Transport	p. 1
Snow Density	p. 1
Snow Load Considerations On Roofs	p. 3
Ground snow load	p. 1
Roof snow load	p. 1
Full and partial loading	p. 1
Snow load coefficients	p. 1
Roofs exposed to wind	p. 1
Rain loads	p. 1
Basic Snow Load Coefficients and Modifications to the Coefficients	p. 4
Sliding Snow On Sloping Roofs	p. 1
The Mechanics of Sliding Snow	p. 1
Obstructions to Sliding Snow and Design Considerations	p. 1
Hazardous Area Below Sloping Roofs	p. 1
Lateral Forces on Snow Fences and Other Obstructions	p. 1
Problems due to Ice and Meltwater from Retained Snow	p. 1
Snowloading and Design	p. 1
Properties Of Ice	p. 1
Ice Dams on Sloping Roofs of Residential Structures	p. 1
The "Cold Roof"	p. 2
"Cold Roof" or "Uniform Roof?"	p. 1
Effect Of Freezing And Thawing (Freeze/Thaw Cycles) Of Ice On Roofing Membranes	p. 1
Design for Frost Durability	p. 1
Membrane splitting	p. 2
Recent Studies On Ice And Freeze/Thaw Cycling - An Overview	p. 1
Ice Lens Formation	p. 2
Freezing/Thaw Cycle Effects on Roofing	p. 4
Temperature Of Bituminous Roofing Membrane And Its Relation To Ambient Conditions	p. 10
References And Further Reading	p. 7
53) Fire and Roofs	p. 45
Introduction	p. 1
Fire Terminology	p. 1
Chemistry	p. 3
Smoke Evolution	p. 2
Fire Considerations In Roof Design	p. 1
Computers In Fire Science	p. 1
Fire Codes, Standards And Testing	p. 1
Roofs and Fire	p. 3
Combustible And Non-Combustible Roof Decks	p. 1
Fire Ratings And Built-Up Roofing (Bur)	p. 2
Fire Ratings And Single Plies	p. 1
Fire from without (exterior)	p. 1
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.-UL 790, ASTM E-108	p. 2
Intermittent-flame test	p. 1
Burning brand test	p. 1
Spread of flame test	p. 2
Factory Mutual Research and Engineering	p. 1
The Calorimeter Test	p. 1
GM Fire in Livonia, Michigan - 1953	p. 2
Warnock Hersey Labs	p. 1
Conducted Fire Tests And Other Relevant Information	p. 7
International Fire Rating Standards	p. 1
British Standard BS 476 - Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures:	p. 1
Fire Note No. 4, London, HMSO 1970	p. 1
Deutche Industrie Normen (DIN) - (German Industrial Standard)	p. 1
Fire Retardant Treated (Frt) Products	p. 1
Corrosion	p. 1
Structural deterioration	p. 2
Inspection	p. 1
Fire Retardant And Fire Resistant Products	p. 3
References And Further Reading	p. 6
54) Wind Effects on Roofing	p. 49
Introduction	p. 1
Effect of Wind on Roofs	p. 2
Wind Load	p. 2
BUR Application	p. 1
Securing Roof Components	p. 4
Test Apparatus	p. 1
Field Observations	p. 4
Insufficient Data	p. 1
Hurricanes And Tornadoes	p. 1
Hurricanes	p. 4
Tornadoes	p. 1
Ballasted Systems	p. 2
Mechanically Fastened Systems	p. 5
Asphalt Shingles	p. 6
performance of Roofing Systems in Hurricane Hugo	p. 1
Factory Mutual Bulletins And Approval Guides	p. 1
Wind Uplift Field Testing Services	p. 1
Buildings Designed For Wind Extremes	p. 1
Roofing Systems Designed To Exploit Wind'S Effects	p. 1
Workshops	p. 2
Computerized Satellite Weather Service	p. 5
References And Further Reading	p. 6
55) Test Methods for Evaluating Roofing Materials	p. 33
Introduction	p. 2
Performance Criteria For Roofing Materials	p. 6
Individual Roofing Material Tests	p. 1
Accelerated Heat Aging - Xenon-arc and Fluorescent UV-Condensation	p. 1
Accelerated Lap Joint Performance Test for Modified Bitumen	p. 1
Cone Penetration	p. 1
Puncture Tests	p. 1
Thermal Analysis	p. 1
Thermo Mechanical Analysis	p. 1
Differential Scanning Calorimetry	p. 1
Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 1
Granule Embedment	p. 1
Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance	p. 2
Load Twist Test	p. 1
Wheel Barrow Test	p. 1
Wind Uplift Testing	p. 1
Heat Stability Test	p. 1
Cold Room Testing	p. 2
Toughness/Tenacity Test	p. 4
Corrosion Test	p. 1
Quality Control Testing	p. 1
Relevance of Laboratory Test Methods to Actual Field Performance	p. 1
Laboratory Equipment And Instrumentation	p. 1
Laboratory Certification And Accreditation	p. 1
Conclusion	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 4
56) Testing Laboratories and Equipment	p. 47
Introduction	p. 1
Testing Laboratories	p. 1
Management and Guidelines	p. 1
Accreditation Agencies	p. 1
Waste Disposal	p. 1
Selected List Of Testing Laboratories	p. 5
Testing Equipment	p. 1
Chemical Analysis	p. 1
Infrared Spectroscopy	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 2
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 1
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 1
Mass Spectrometry	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Field of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Uses	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 1
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 1
X-Ray Diffraction	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Gas Chromatography	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 1
Gel Permeation Chromatography	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 1
Electron Microscopy	p. 1
Scope of Method	p. 1
Principle of Method	p. 1
Available Instrumentation	p. 1
Fields of Application	p. 1
Qualitative Use	p. 1
Quantitative Use	p. 1
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer	p. 6
Accelerated Weathering Apparatus	p. 1
Quality Control And Testing During Membrane Manufacture	p. 6
Conclusion	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 2
57) International Standards for Roofing Materials	p. 35
Introduction	p. 1
Making Good Standards Better	p. 1
International Standards For Single-Ply And Modified Bitumen	p. 5
Canadian Government Standards Board (Cgsb)	p. 2
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)	p. 1
ENGLAND (British Standard - BS)	p. 1
GERMANY (Deutche Industrie Normen - DIN)	p. 1
SWITERLAND Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA)	p. 1
American National Standards For Safety And Health	p. 3
American Society For Testing And Materials (Astm)	p. 1
International Roofing Code Of Practice	p. 1
The Users Of International Standards: Ifan	p. 1
The History Of Ifan	p. 2
A Selection Of National Material Standards	p. 4
Where To Find Standards Publications	p. 1
Vendors That Sell Standards	p. 1
Resources For Topical Standards	p. 1
Online Indexes	p. 1
Multinational Databases	p. 1
International Sources For Astm Standards	p. 1
Conclusion	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 6
58)Performance and Durability	p. 35
Introduction	p. 1
Roof Fundamentals	p. 2
Function of a Roof	p. 1
Requirements of a Roof	p. 1
Structure	p. 1
Aesthetics	p. 1
Economy	p. 1
Durability	p. 1
Environment	p. 1
Separation Of Environments	p. 1
Exterior Exposure	p. 1
Rain Penetration	p. 1
Workmanship	p. 1
A Systemic Approach to Performance	p. 1
A Realistic Performance for the Roofing Industry	p. 1
Current Problems	p. 1
Flat Roof Design	p. 1
Flat Roof Performance Criteria	p. 1
Strength and Stability	p. 1
Weather & Rain	p. 1
Snow	p. 1
Wind	p. 1
Sun	p. 1
Thermal Performance	p. 1
Thermal Insulation: The Affect on Performance	p. 1
Acoustic Performance	p. 1
Airborne Sound	p. 1
Impact Sound	p. 1
Fire Resistance	p. 1
Maintenance, Access & Safety	p. 1
Roof Slope: The Key To Successful Roof Performance	p. 1
Why Slope?	p. 1
Conclusion: Ponding is Associated with Most Premature Flat Roof Failures	p. 1
Cost Of Flat Roofs: Zero V.S. Two Percent Slope	p. 1
Building One	p. 1
Building Two	p. 1
Conclusion Concerning Cost	p. 1
Summary	p. 1
Section II: Performance Of Materials	p. 1
Built-Up Roofing (Bur)	p. 1
Performance Specifications v.s. Prescriptive Specifications	p. 1
The Performance Approach	p. 1
20 Performance Attributes	p. 2
BUR Recommended Performance Criteria	p. 3
Conclusion	p. 1
Single-Ply Roofing Membranes	p. 1
General Performance Requirements	p. 1
Specific Requirements	p. 1
General Material Requirements	p. 1
Thickness	p. 1
Membrane Classification	p. 1
Low Elongation/High Strength	p. 1
Medium Elongation/Low to High Strength	p. 1
High Elongation/Low to Medium Strength	p. 1
Specific Requirements	p. 1
Low-Temperature Load-Elongation Behavior	p. 1
Low Elongation/High Strength	p. 1
Medium Elongation/Low to High Strength	p. 1
High Elongation/Low to Medium Strength	p. 1
Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 1
Heat Aging	p. 1
Temperature-Induced Load	p. 1
Dimensional Stability	p. 1
Water Resistance	p. 1
Granule Embedment	p. 1
Metal Foil	p. 1
General Application Requirements	p. 1
Specific Requirements	p. 1
Lap Joints	p. 1
Impact and Abrasion	p. 1
Flashing Attachment	p. 1
Ballast	p. 1
Attachment	p. 1
Chemical Contamination	p. 1
Installation Environment	p. 1
Field Performance	p. 1
F.I.T.: A Method Of Determining Performance Levels	p. 1
Fatigue	p. 1
Indentation	p. 1
Temperature	p. 1
How F.I.T. Works	p. 1
Edpm: A 17 Year History	p. 1
Background Data	p. 1
Important Physical Properties Do Change Upon Exposure	p. 1
ASTM and ME-20 Requirements	p. 1
The Long-Term Weatherability of EPDM	p. 1
50 years of Exposure for EPDM (MRCA ME-20 Performance	p. 1
performance And Durability: Who Says New = Better?	p. 2
Concluding Remarks	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
59) Service Life Prediction of Roofing Membranes	p. 27
Introduction	p. 3
Service Life Prediction Using The Siplasteur Slide Rule	p. 1
Background Information	p. 5
Interfacial Bond Or Adhesive Force	p. 1
Movement Of The Supporting Surface	p. 1
The Value Of Friction Force Or Adhesion	p. 1
The Membrane Value - Am	p. 1
Ridging And Creeping Phenomena	p. 4
The Circular Slide Rule And Developed Graphs	p. 1
Slide Rule Operating Instructions For Flat Roof Deck (T.A.P.)	p. 3
Roofing Membrane System Configurations and their Assigned AM Values	p. 5
Recent Studies On Durability - An Overview	p. 1
Design	p. 1
The Quality of Materials and Construction	p. 1
Environmental Factors	p. 1
Periodic Inspection and Maintenance	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 1
60) Inspection of Roofs	p. 35
Introduction	p. 1
Inspection Purposes	p. 1
When To Inspect	p. 1
Before, During and After Construction	p. 1
As Routine Maintenance	p. 1
Damage Assessment	p. 1
Property Assessment And Legal Disputes	p. 1
Roofing Inspectors	p. 3
Inspection Contracts	p. 1
Inspection Equipment	p. 2
Inspection Records	p. 5
Overall Inspection Guidelines	p. 1
Inspection Do's	p. 1
Inspection Don'ts	p. 1
Inspection Sequence	p. 1
Inspections Upon New Construction	p. 2
Interior Of The Building, New And Existing Roofs	p. 2
Inspecting The Roof	p. 1
Flashings	p. 1
Drains And Gutters	p. 1
Edge Details	p. 1
Expansion Joints	p. 1
Penetrations	p. 1
Surfacing	p. 1
Substrate And Roof Deck	p. 1
Leak Tracing	p. 2
Summary Of Inspection	p. 1
Summary	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 2
61 Roofing Problems and Solutions	p. 17
Introduction	p. 14
References And Further Reading	p. 2
62) Preventive Maintenance and Roof Repair	p. 60
Introduction	p. 1
Manufacturers' Warranties:	p. 1
Maintenance From The Contractor's Viewpoint:	p. 1
Maintenance for Commercial Building Roofs:	p. 1
General Roof Maintenance:	p. 1
Asphalt and Roll Roofing:	p. 1
Split Wood Shakes:	p. 1
Sawn Wood Shingles:	p. 1
Clay Tile and Slate:	p. 1
Concrete Tile:	p. 1
Steel and Aluminum (Flat and Corrugated):	p. 1
Inspection and Maintenance of Flat (Low Slope) Roofs:	p. 2
Repair Of Flat Or Low Slope Roofs:	p. 3
Built-Up Roofing Repairs:	p. 1
Splits:	p. 1
Blisters:	p. 1
Ridging:	p. 1
Punctures:	p. 1
Single-Ply System Repairs:	p. 1
Identifying The Roofing System Type:	p. 2
Repair Procedures for Modified Bitumen Membranes:	p. 2
Repair Procedures for Thermoplastic Membranes:	p. 2
PIB (Polyisobutylene) Repairs:	p. 3
Repair Procedures for Vulcanized (Cured) Elastomeric Membranes:	p. 2
Repair Procedures for Non-Vulcanized (Uncured) Neoprene:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for Non-Vulcanized (Uncured) CSPE:	p. 3
CPE (Chlorinated Polyethylene):	p. 1
Materials and Tools for Permanent Single-Ply Repairs:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for PUF (Polyurethane Foam) Roofs:	p. 1
Procedures for Repair of Roll Roofing:	p. 1
Repair Of Sloped Roofs:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for Asphalt Shingles:	p. 1
Repair Hip Joint Shingles:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for Slate and Clay Tiles:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for Wood Shake (Cedar):	p. 1
Covering Asphalt Shingle, Roll-Roofing, and Tar and Gravel Roofs with Wood Shake (Cedar)	p. 1
Repair Procedures for PUF (Sprayed Polyurethane Foam):	p. 2
Tools Needed for Repair of PUF Roofs:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for Metallic Roofs:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for Thatched Roofs:	p. 1
Single-Ply Roofs:	p. 1
Repair Procedures for Historical, Special, Unique and Exotic Roofs:	p. 18
References And Further Reading	p. 3
63)Reroofing Guidelines	p. 52
Introduction	p. 1
Reroofing is Conceptual	p. 1
Inspection first	p. 2
Moisture surveys	p. 1
Reroof or Repair?	p. 1
Design Improvements	p. 1
Structural Load Requirements and Responsibility	p. 4
Adding A Positive Slope To Flat Roofs	p. 1
Recovery, or Tear-off and Replacement?	p. 2
Reroofing Planning And Preparation Guidelines	p. 1
Surface Preparation	p. 1
Drainage System Considerations	p. 1
Flashings	p. 1
Nailers, Pitch Pockets and Transitions	p. 1
Rooftop equipment	p. 1
Asbestos Roofing Tearoff Alternatives	p. 1
Vapor Retarders	p. 1
Recover Boards, Separator Boards, Protection Boards and Overlayments	p. 2
Increasing Thermal Resistance	p. 1
Skylights	p. 1
Flues, Chimneys and Exhaust Pipes	p. 1
Reroofing Code Requirements	p. 3
Roofing System Selection	p. 1
Acrylic Copolymer Cold-Applied Reinforced Membranes over Existing BUR	p. 2
Metal Roofing over existing BUR	p. 1
Attractive Metal Panels	p. 1
PUF Over Existing Roof Coverings	p. 7
Single Plies over BUR	p. 1
Residential Reroofing	p. 1
Reroofing with Asphalt Shingles	p. 1
Asphalt Shingles over Existing Wood Shake	p. 1
Asphalt Shingles over Rigid Insulation	p. 1
Clay Tile Reroofing Considerations	p. 2
Reroofing with Wood Shakes and Shingles	p. 1
Post-Job Inspection	p. 1
Inform The Owner Of His Responsibility	p. 1
Inform Building Personnel To Be Conscientious	p. 1
Recent Studies On Reroofing - An Overview	p. 6
Remarks	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 6
64) Advice to Building and Home Owners	p. 30
Introduction	p. 1
Pre-Planning	p. 1
Understanding "The Performance Concept"	p. 1
Terms You Should Know	p. 1
A Few Words About Drawings	p. 1
A Few Words About Building Codes	p. 1
A Guide to Selecting Your Roofing Contractor	p. 4
The Contract!	p. 1
Items to be Covered in the Contract -- An Owner's Check List	p. 3
Before You Sign the Contract	p. 1
The Owner As Contractor	p. 1
Understanding Warranties	p. 1
Hidden Costs and Charges	p. 1
The Key Questions	p. 1
A Meeting of the Minds	p. 1
Avoiding the Voiding of Warranties	p. 1
Roof Management Program For Owners	p. 2
Making Emergency Repairs	p. 1
Leak Repair Procedures	p. 1
Miscellaneous Advice to Building and Home Owners	p. 1
Understanding Service Agreements	p. 1
Membrane Identification	p. 1
Rooftop Access	p. 1
Roof System Access	p. 1
Do Owners Need a Consultant?	p. 3
Conclusion	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 6
65) Roofing System Selection Criteria	p. 47
Introduction	p. 1
100 Questions To Ask When Selecting A Roofing System	p. 13
Overviews Of The Decision-Making Process	p. 6
The Process Of Membrane Selection	p. 1
Roofing System Selection Criteria For Single-Ply Membranes	p. 17
Review Of Literature	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 6
66) Roofing Application and Workmanship	p. 17
INTRODUCTION: What is Missing From this Picture?	p. 1
Workmanship	p. 1
Education	p. 1
Course Subjects	p. 1
Ensuring Participation	p. 1
Types Of Coursework	p. 1
Conclusion	p. 1
Technology, Communication And Education	p. 2
Site Supervision	p. 1
putting Safety First	p. 1
Quality Control: Lessons From The Far East	p. 1
QC in the U.S.A.	p. 1
The Way it Can Be	p. 1
Nothing Replaces Pride Of Workmanship	p. 7
References And Further Reading	p. 1
67) Management, Personnel and Productivity	p. 32
Introduction	p. 1
Management Seminars	p. 1
Management Tools	p. 1
Listening	p. 1
The Telephone	p. 1
Posters and Publications	p. 1
Computer Technology	p. 1
Marketing Techniques	p. 1
New Roofing Versus Reroofing	p. 1
Developing a Plan	p. 1
Developing a Sales Program	p. 1
Pre-Job Conferences	p. 4
Risk Management	p. 1
Operate as a corporation	p. 1
Case in point	p. 1
Medical Insurance	p. 1
Success-More Than Projects Or Products-People	p. 1
Hiring Good People	p. 1
Creating Job Descriptions	p. 1
The Interview	p. 1
The Turn Down	p. 1
References	p. 1
In The Public Eye-Employees On The Job	p. 1
An Example of a Poor Source of Information	p. 1
The Wasted Coffee Break	p. 1
Roofing Advertisements	p. 7
Roofing Anecdotes	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 7
68) Computers in Construction and Roofing	p. 50
Introduction	p. 1
Why Computerize?	p. 1
Word Processing	p. 1
"Open" And "Closed" Software Systems	p. 1
"Turnkeys" Or "Menu-Driven" Systems	p. 1
Multi-Tasking/Multi-User Capabilities	p. 1
Index Files And Database Management Systems (DMSS)	p. 1
Selecting Software	p. 2
10 Tough Questions	p. 3
Electronic Estimation Tools - Spending Time To Save Time	p. 1
Parallel Processing During Software Installation	p. 2
Construction Software Study	p. 3
Flowcharting	p. 1
CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory)	p. 1
Data Organization Within The Computer	p. 1
Information Services	p. 1
NRCA Members Talk About Computer Pros And Cons	p. 1
Good and Bad Software	p. 1
Thoughts About Estimating	p. 1
Other Comments	p. 1
Marketing And Forecasting Software	p. 1
Company Developed Marketing Software	p. 2
Personal Computer (PC) Computer Aided Design (CAD)	p. 1
Database Geometry	p. 2
Application Software And Third-Party Software Integration	p. 1
Scanning And CD-ROM	p. 1
Storing Graphics - Either Bit-Mapping Or Vectoring	p. 1
Upgrading Existing Computer Software	p. 2
The Future Of Computers In Construction	p. 1
Industry-wide Integrity	p. 1
Investigation and Development	p. 1
Market Research	p. 1
Product Testing	p. 1
Database Development	p. 1
Managing Computer Technology	p. 1
Changes in Architectural Design Team Project Management	p. 2
Features Of Some Of The Available Roofing Software	p. 8
Computerized Roof Maintenance	p. 1
Computerized Roofing Specifications	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 4
69) Safety in Roofing	p. 74
Introduction	p. 1
Establishing a safety program	p. 1
What are the basics of a safety program?	p. 2
personal Safety	p. 1
Correct posture	p. 1
Using a hammer safely	p. 1
Eye Protection	p. 1
Respiratory Protection	p. 1
Skin Protection	p. 1
protective Clothing	p. 2
Findings on Sunburn	p. 1
Skin Cancer	p. 1
Burn Prevention and Treatment	p. 1
Lung Cancer	p. 1
Occupational Safety	p. 1
General	p. 1
Slips on the Roof	p. 1
Falling from the Roof	p. 3
Do you know how to lift?	p. 2
Roof Removal or Tear-Off	p. 2
Equipment Safety	p. 1
Transporting Equipment	p. 1
General Equipment Safety	p. 1
Set-Up and Usage	p. 1
Asphalt Tanker Safety	p. 1
Asphalt Kettle Safety	p. 2
Torch Safety	p. 1
Power Tool Safety	p. 1
Powder-Actuated Tool (PAT) Safety	p. 2
PAT Tool Operation	p. 1
Ladder Safety	p. 3
Scaffold Safety	p. 1
Conveyor Safety	p. 1
In Case of An Electrical Accident	p. 1
Hoist Safety	p. 1
Fork Lift Safety	p. 1
Safety Equipment	p. 1
Respirators	p. 1
Sloped Roof Safety	p. 1
Lifelines	p. 1
Guardrails	p. 1
Modified Bitumen Safety Gear	p. 1
Safety Devices And Signs	p. 1
Fall Arresters	p. 1
Material Safety	p. 1
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)	p. 2
Coal Tar Pitch	p. 1
Guidelines for the Use of Coal Tar Bitumen and Asphalt in the Installation of Built-Up Roofing Systems	p. 1
Single Ply Solvents and Adhesives	p. 1
Fire Safety	p. 1
Federal Government Health and Safety Agencies	p. 1
Epa	p. 1
Osha	p. 2
Niosh	p. 1
Safety Codes And Standards	p. 1
Labor and Environmental Standards Applicable to Built-Up Roofing	p. 2
First Aid Measures	p. 1
Amputation	p. 1
Bleeding	p. 2
Burns	p. 1
Clothing Snagged In Machinery	p. 1
ASPHALT or COAL TAR PITCH	p. 1
Falls	p. 1
Muscle Strains	p. 1
Shock Treatment	p. 1
Hazardous Compounds	p. 3
Recent Studies On Roofing Safety - An Overview	p. 6
Educational Programs In Safety	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 10
70) Health and Roofing Practice	p. 20
Introduction	p. 1
Fitness	p. 1
Smoking	p. 2
Misleading Advertizing	p. 1
Doing Your Part	p. 1
Facts About Smoking	p. 2
Smoking Education	p. 1
Alcohol And Drugs	p. 4
Compliance and Legality	p. 2
Drug Testing	p. 1
Starting a Testing Program	p. 1
Drug Testing and Controversy	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 3
71) Guarantees, Warranties Economy and Liability	p. 50
Legal Liability During Roofing Construction	p. 1
Applicator Agreements	p. 1
Guarantees	p. 1
Surety Bonds	p. 2
What is a 20-Year Bonded Roof?	p. 2
Mechanic's Liens	p. 2
Liability And The Roofing Contractor	p. 1
Subcontracts and Construction Disputes	p. 1
Proper documentation can save your business	p. 4
Change orders	p. 1
Subcontractors are able to make claims against owners	p. 2
Arbitration versus litigation	p. 2
Liability Insurance	p. 1
Property Insurance	p. 1
Product Liability	p. 5
FRT Plywood Failure Liability	p. 1
Manufacturer Warranties	p. 1
Environmental Liabilities	p. 1
ECONOMY: PRESENT COST vs LIFE-CYCLE COSTING	p. 5
Advantages, Limitations & Recommended Applications for Life-Cycle Costing	p. 2
Other Aspects Of Life Cycle Costing	p. 3
Cost effectiveness in materials production	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 10
72) Asbestos	p. 39
Introduction	p. 1
Abbreviations	p. 1
Forms And Properties Of Asbestos	p. 1
Some silicates can crystallize as asbestos fibers	p. 1
Health Hazards And Effects	p. 3
Government Regulations And Legislation	p. 1
Asbestos Education	p. 1
Abatement Services And Consultation	p. 4
Asbestos Use In Roofing And Construction	p. 2
Asbestos In The Home	p. 5
Institutional Use Of Asbestos	p. 1
Contractor'S Licensing, Liability, And Insurance	p. 1
Asbestos Substitutes In Roofing	p. 1
Asbestos Ply Sheets	p. 1
Flashing Materials	p. 1
Coatings And Mastics	p. 1
Resaturants	p. 1
Mastic Materials	p. 1
Coatings	p. 1
Summary Of Substitutes	p. 1
Summary And Conclusion	p. 3
Asbestos In Canada	p. 7
References And Further Reading	p. 5
73) Roofing Tools and Equipment	p. 92
Introduction	p. 1
General Application & Miscellaneous Roofing Equipment	p. 1
Material Handling - Heavy Equipment	p. 9
Cranes	p. 1
Hoists	p. 4
Small Engines	p. 2
Hand-Operated Power Tools	p. 1
Electric Power Tool Maintenance	p. 3
Gas Power Tool Maintenance	p. 1
Hand Operated Tools And Equipment - Manual Tools	p. 1
Ladders	p. 1
Utility Belts	p. 1
Ultrasonic measuring tape	p. 1
Wheel Barrow	p. 1
Knee and Hip Pads	p. 2
Built-Up Roofing Equipment	p. 1
Asphalt melting kettles	p. 3
Cotton and Fiberglass Mops	p. 2
Mop Buckets, Bails and Carts	p. 2
Aggregate Spreaders	p. 2
Insulation Equipment	p. 1
Blowing Machines	p. 5
Insulation Blower Hoses	p. 2
Insulation Spray Equipment	p. 1
Rigid Insulation Cutting Machines	p. 1
Polyurethane Roofing Equipment	p. 4
Spray Equipment For Cold Applied Liquid Membranes And Coatings	p. 2
Hoses and Spray Tips	p. 1
Maintenance	p. 1
Equipment Selection	p. 1
Granuling Equipment	p. 1
Reroofing Equipment	p. 1
REROOFING EQUIPMENT - Residential Roofing Surface Preparation	p. 1
Roofing Spudders	p. 2
REROOFING EQUIPMENT - Commercial Roofing Surface Preparation	p. 1
Water Removal	p. 2
Debris Removal	p. 1
Power sweeper maintenance	p. 2
Vacuums	p. 2
Shingles & Shake Roofing Equipment	p. 1
Single-Ply Roofing Equipment	p. 1
Welders	p. 6
SINGLE-PLY - Hand tools	p. 4
MODIFIED BITUMEN - Torches	p. 1
MODIFIED BITUMEN - Hand Tools	p. 1
Self adhering and hot mopped modified bitumen	p. 1
Slate & Tile Roofing Equipment	p. 1
Standing Seam, Sheet Metal & Roll Forming Equipment	p. 4
Roofing Tools and Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 11
References And Further Reading	p. 4
74) Organizations and Establishments Related to Roofing	p. 8
75) Roofing Publications, Training and Education	p. 54
Introduction	p. 1
Published Books On Roofing	p. 7
Periodicals & Trade Magazines Relevant To Roofing	p. 2
A Roofing Library	p. 17
Training, Educational Courses And Seminars On Roofing	p. 2
Courses, Training Seminars And Audiovisuals	p. 1
P.R.I.D.E. Manual	p. 1
NRCA Publications	p. 2
NRCA Audiovisuals	p. 2
Architectural Design Competitions	p. 1
The Roofing Industry Educational Institute (RIEI)	p. 3
Modified Bitumen Application Training (CERTA)	p. 1
Asbestos Abatement Training Courses	p. 1
Roofing-Related Training And Educational Opportunities	p. 2
United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers & Allied Workers	p. 5
Viewing The Trade Show As An Educational Opportunity	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 6
76) Roofing Statistics and Surveys	p. 7
Introduction	p. 3
A 17 Billion Dollar Industry!	p. 3
References And Further Reading	p. 1
77) U.S. Roofing Statistics	p. 65
Table of Statistical Data/Findings	p. 2
Legend for Statistical References	p. 58
References And Further Reading	p. 4
78) International Roofing Statistics	p. 7
Table of Statistical Data/Findings	p. 6
References And Further Reading	p. 1
79) Future Trends in Roofing	p. 47
Introduction	p. 1
Section I	p. 1
Trends in Roof Systems	p. 1
Recycling	p. 2
Recycling BUR Membranes	p. 1
Recycling Asphalt Shingles	p. 1
Recycling Insulations	p. 1
Recycling Single-Ply	p. 1
Recycling and System Selection	p. 1
Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 1
Regulations and Disposal Guidelines	p. 1
Regulatory Issues	p. 1
Wider Application of Performance Standards	p. 1
Warranty Trends	p. 1
Trends In The Work Force	p. 1
A Demand for Higher Skills	p. 1
Be Prepared	p. 1
The Global Market	p. 2
The European Organization For Testing And Certification	p. 1
Overcoming Barriers	p. 1
Construction Products	p. 2
Section II	p. 1
Bi-Functional Photovoltaic Single-Ply Membrane	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Scientific Principles Of Photovoltaic (PV)	p. 1
Historical Background	p. 5
Parameters of PV Success	p. 1
Harnessing the Sun: From Foe to Friend	p. 2
The Development of Photovoltaic Single-Ply	p. 2
PV and Single-Ply Materials Compatibility	p. 1
Application of Single-Ply Photovoltaic Membranes	p. 4
Design Criteria for Bi-functional PVSP Roof Systems	p. 1
pVSPM (PV-Single Ply Roofing Membranes) and Durability	p. 1
Major Advantages of PVSPM	p. 1
Life-Cycle Cost Advantages of Bi-Functional PVSP	p. 3
Future Trends	p. 3
A Glossary Of Photovoltaic Terms	p. 7
Application of PV Single-Ply Roofing Membranes	p. 1
Photovoltaics Budget Recommendations	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 2
80) Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations	p. 99
References And Further Reading	p. 2