Volume One

VOLUME ONE, CHAPTERS 1 TO 40 - 1,552 PAGES

The Science and Technology of Traditional and Modern Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

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Expanded Table of Contents

VOLUME ONE, CHAPTERS 1 TO 40 - 1,552 PAGES

1) Introduction to Roofing	p.6
2) Roofing History	p.16
Introduction	p.1
Roofing Technology - A Selected Chronology	p.13
Concluding Remarks	p.1
References And Further Reading	p.1
3) Roofing Material Properties and Production	p.41
Introduction	p.1
Wood	p.1
Wood Preservatives	p.1
Wood Properties	p.1
Wood Manufacturing	p.1
Metal	p.7
Cement And Concrete	p.11
Plastics	p.8
References And Further Reading	p.6
4) Roofing Structure, Design and Details	p.71
Introduction	p.2
The Ultimate Rule in Roof Design	p.2
Informative Designing	p.1
Life-Cycle Costing	p.1
Structural Load Design	p.1
Elastic Deformation	p.2
Wooden Roof Structure	p.1
Structural Steel Design	p.2
Roof Drainage Design Calculations	p.3
An Alternative School Of Thought	p.2
Parapet Wall Structural Design Using Portland Cement Plaster	p.2
Causes Of Roofing Failures	p.1
Communicating Roofing Design	p.1
Structural Considerations And Roof Decks	p.1
Insulation	p.1
Vapor Retarders	p.1
Fire And Wind Considerations	p.1
Earthquake-Resistant Roof Design	p.1
Pest Infestation And Roof Design	p.1
Residential Ceiling And Roof Framing	p.1
Flat Roofs	p.1
Pitched Roofs	p.1
Framing the Roof	p.6
Residential Flat Roof To Steep Roof Conversion	p.3
Roof Construction Details	p.4
Generic Details For Modified Bitumen	p.1
Basic Flashing History and Guidelines	p.1
Penetration Flashings	p.1
Little Holes	p.2
Collar Penetration Flashing	p.3
Smaller Holes, Tougher Holes	p.3
Where Penetration is Avoided	p.1
Overflow Scupper Penetrations	p.1
The Unflashable Penetration	p.2
Late Damage	p.1
Expansion Joint Guidelines	p.1
The Overriding Flashing Considerations	p.4
References And Further Reading	p.15
5) Roof Decks	p.30
Introduction	p.2
Roof Slope	p.2
Deflection	p.1
Recommendations for avoidance of defects	p.1
Dimensional stability	p.1
Moisture Absorption	p.1
Moisture Proofing	p.1
Fireproofing	p.1
Anchorage and Attachment	p.1
Deck Surface	p.1
Adjoining Walls and Penetrations	p.1
Deck Types And Materials	p.1
Wood Decks	p.2
Wood Decks Cautions	p.1
Installing Plywood Sheating	p.1
Installing Tongue-and-Groove Board Sheathing	p.1
Gypsum Board Decks	p.1
Poured Or Sprayed Gypsum Concrete	p.1
Concrete Decks	p.1
Lightweight Concrete	p.3
Structural Concrete	p.3
Metal Roof Decks	p.4
Roof Deck Use	p.1
References And Further Reading	p.2
6) Barriers for Roofing Systems	p.43
Introduction	p.2
Vapor-Retarding Barriers	p.1
When to Use a Vapor Retarder	p.2
How to Use Vapor Retarders	p.1
High-Tech Vapor Barriers: Hygro Diode Membranes	p.2
Computer Analysis & Vapor Barrier Use Parameters	p.2
Understanding Air Barriers	p.1
Using Air Barriers to Resist Roof Blow-Offs & Ballooning	p.1
Ballooning and Delamination	p.1
Air/Vapor Barrier "Systems" -- Controlling Condensation	p.2
Technics Air And Vapor Barriers	p.17
Vapor Retarders and The Trouble with Vents	p.1
When Venting Works	p.1
Using Vapor Barriers in Cold Storage Structures	p.1
Ultraviolet Radiation Barriers	p.1
UV Radiation, Oxygen, and Temperature	p.1
Noise Barriers	p.2
Walkways And Decking As Wear Barriers And Protecting Layers	p.2
Barrier Manufacturers And Suppliers	p.1
References And Further Reading	p.2
7) Thermal Insulation	p.100
Introduction	p. 1
Roof-to-wall ratios	p. 1
potential Problems With Insulation?	p. 1
Definitions And Theory Of Thermal Inertia	p. 4
physical And Chemical Properties Of Thermal Insulation	p. 1
Thermal Insulation Materials	p. 1
physical Structure And Thermal Conductivity	p. 1
Environment And Thermal Conductivity	p. 1
Moisture And Thermal Conductivity	p. 1
Chemistry Of Polyurethans And Isocyanates	p. 1
History	p. 2
Composition Of Polyurethane	p. 1
Testing And Evaluation Studies Of Thermal Insulation	p. 9
Recent Studies On Thermal Insulation - An Overview	p. 10
Thermal Drift	p. 1
Too Much Insulation?	p. 1
Rigid Insulation Boards	p. 1
Cellular Glass Insulation	p. 1
Fiberglass Roof Insulation	p. 1
perlite/Vermiculite Board	p. 1
phenolic Foam - phenol-formaldehyde (pf) resin	p. 1
polystyrene Bead Board, Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)	p. 1
polystyrene Extruded Foam Board	p. 1
Urethane/Isocyanurate Foams	p. 1
Wood Fiberboard	p. 3
Composite Thermal Insulation	p. 2
Facings	p. 2
Composite Roofing Systems	p. 1
Thermal Insulation In Home Construction	p. 1
Loose Insulation	p. 1
Cellulosic Fiber	p. 1
Glass Fiber	p. 2
Mineral Fiber	p. 1
Coverage	p. 1
Thermal Characteristics	p. 1
Moisture Absorption	p. 1
Application	p. 2
Unfloored attics	p. 1
Floored attics	p. 1
Attic walls and slopes	p. 1
Spray-On Insulation	p. 1
Cellulosic Spray	p. 1
Mineral Wool Spray	p. 1
Cementitious Spray	p. 1
Application of Spray-On Insulation	p. 2
Spray-On Insulation Adhesives	p. 1
Batt And Blanket Insulation	p. 2
Thermal Insulation by Design	p. 1
Urea-Formaldehyde Insulation	p. 1
Epoxy Foams	p. 1
Tapered Insulations	p. 6
Rooftop Pipes Require Insulation Too	p. 5
References And Further Reading	p. 1
Calculating Insulation Values	p. 6
polyurethane Publications	p. 1
Insulation; Rigid; Uffi	p. 1
Insulation; Rigid; Phenolic, Cellular	p. 1
Insulation; Glass Fiber	p. 1
Insulation; Rigid Board	p. 6
Insulation; Rigid; Expanded Polystyrene	p. 1
Insulation; Rigid; Extruded Polystyrene	p. 1
Insulation; Loose Or Sprayed	p. 3
Insulation Testing And Standards	p. 2
Moisture & Insulation	p. 2
Insulation; General Papers On	p. 3
8) Thatched Roofing	p. 28
Introduction	p. 1
Brief History Of Thatching	p. 1
Materials	p. 1
Characteristics Of Thatch	p. 2
Application	p. 1
Thatching Tools	p. 1
Fixing Hardware	p. 1
General Specifications	p. 2
Design Considerations	p. 1
Specifications	p. 1
Details at Eaves	p. 1
Gabled Ends	p. 1
Ridges	p. 1
Ridge Cap	p. 1
Integral Roof Surface Decoration	p. 1
Hips	p. 1
Valleys	p. 1
Flashing	p. 1
Sedge Aprons	p. 1
Vent Stacks	p. 1
Attic Venting	p. 1
Chimneys	p. 1
Architectural Details	p. 1
Deck Construction And Underlayment Details	p. 1
Thatch Treated Class-C Roofing System	p. 1
Sheathing	p. 1
Underlayment	p. 1
Sub-battens	p. 1
Horizontal Battens	p. 1
Arris Board	p. 1
Thatch Treated Class-A Roofing System	p. 1
Supply And Installation Responsibilities	p. 1
Workmanship	p. 1
Thatching	p. 1
Chimney Stacks	p. 1
Hips	p. 1
Valleys	p. 1
Verges	p. 1
Ridges	p. 1
Fire Hazard	p. 1
preventive Measures	p. 1
Reduction of Combustibility	p. 1
Fire Fighting Facilities	p. 1
Generally	p. 1
Rainwater Disposal	p. 1
Durability	p. 1
Maintenance	p. 1
Compliance	p. 1
Fire Test	p. 1
Wind Test	p. 1
Thermal Insulation Test	p. 1
pricing Guidelines	p. 6
References And Further Reading	p. 1
9) Slate Roofing	p. 15
Introduction	p. 1
Slating is a Skillful Trade	p. 1
Chemistry, Grades, Standards And Testing	p. 1
Slate Grades	p. 1
Standards	p. 1
Testing	p. 2
Slate Colors And Geographical Sources	p. 1
Slate Sizes And Weights	p. 1
Application	p. 1
Fastening	p. 1
Felts (Underlayments)	p. 1
Tools	p. 1
Slate Cutter	p. 1
Slate Hammer	p. 1
Slate Ripper	p. 5
References And Further Reading	p. 1
10) Wood Shingles and Shake Roofing	p. 40
Introduction	p. 1
The Red Cedar Shingle & Handsplit Shake Bureau	p. 1
Red Cedar	p. 1
Certigrade® Red Cedar Shingles	p. 1
Certi-Split® Red Cedar Shakes	p. 1
Fire Rated Red Cedar Shingles and Shakes	p. 1
If It Works, Don'T Fix It.	p. 1
General Design Details	p. 1
Sheathing	p. 1
Shingles	p. 1
Shakes	p. 1
General Application Details	p. 1
Shingle Application	p. 1
Shake Application	p. 1
Mansard Roof Details	p. 2
Low Slope Roof Details	p. 1
Hip And Ridge Details	p. 1
Roof Juncture Details	p. 1
Convex Juncture	p. 1
Concave Juncture	p. 1
Apex Juncture	p. 1
Swept or Bell Eave	p. 1
Roof Valley Flashing Details	p. 1
Valleys-Shingles	p. 1
Valleys-Shakes	p. 1
Roof Projection Flashing Details	p. 1
Roof Fastener Guidelines	p. 1
Nails	p. 1
Staples	p. 1
Ventilation Details	p. 1
Vapor Barrier Guidelines	p. 1
Specialty Roof Deck Details	p. 1
Wood Deck	p. 1
Nails	p. 1
Rigid Insulation	p. 1
Metal Deck	p. 1
Cold Weather Roof System Details	p. 2
Specification Guidelines	p. 1
General Specification Data	p. 1
Roof Application-Sheathing Boards	p. 1
Roofing Felt Interlay (for shakes only)	p. 1
Roofing General Application Data	p. 1
Roofing, Shingles/Shakes, Miscellaneous Flashings	p. 1
Hips and Ridges	p. 1
Nails and Nailing Shingles/Shakes	p. 1
Wood Fiber Shingles	p. 1
Steam Bent Wood Shingles - "Thatch"	p. 1
Shingle And Shake Problems	p. 1
Importing Increases Cost	p. 1
FIRE RETARDANT TREATMENTS (FRTs)	p. 1
pre-Treatment	p. 1
To Pre-Treat or Not to Pre-Treat?	p. 1
Testing	p. 1
Intermittent Flame Test	p. 1
Spread Of Flame Test	p. 1
Burning Brand Test	p. 1
Flying Brand Test	p. 1
Rain Test	p. 1
Weathering Test	p. 1
Fire Safety Brochures	p. 1
Building Codes	p. 1
Canadian Standards On Shakes And Shingles	p. 1
Spray-On Preservatives	p. 1
Water-borne Preservatives	p. 1
Oil-Borne Preservatives	p. 1
Cleaning Wood and Wood Roofs	p. 1
General Application Recommendations	p. 1
Surface Preparation	p. 1
Application	p. 1
Clean Up	p. 4
References And Further Reading	p. 3
11) Ceramic and Concrete Tiles	p. 36
Introduction	p. 1
Life Expectancy	p. 1
What makes one tile better than another?	p. 1
Overweight?	p. 1
Tile Profile	p. 1
Standard Tile	p. 1
Glazed Tile	p. 1
Glazed Tile Offers Some Protection	p. 1
Application of Glazed Tiles	p. 1
Glazed Tile Costs and Quality	p. 1
Glaze Formulation - Glazes are Really Glass	p. 1
Glazed Tile Selection	p. 1
Glazed Tiles are an Investment	p. 1
Concrete Tiles	p. 1
Interlocking Tiles	p. 1
Mortar-Set Systems And Nail-On Systems	p. 1
Material Considerations	p. 1
Flashings	p. 1
Fasteners	p. 1
Felts (Underlayments)	p. 1
Time For An Inspection?	p. 1
Glaze failure	p. 1
Manufacturer's Field Testing	p. 1
Application	p. 1
Direct Nailing	p. 1
Supplementary Details and Accessory Tiles	p. 1
Tile in Snow Areas	p. 1
Tiles in High Wind and Hurricane Areas	p. 1
Reroofing With Tiles	p. 1
Specialty Products	p. 1
New Technique Ventilates Tile Roofs at the Ridge	p. 1
Clay Ridge Vents	p. 1
Recent Studies On The Testing Of Tiles - An Overview	p. 1
Codes And Standards	p. 10
Ceramic, Clay and Concrete Tile Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 3
12) Metal Tiles	p. 11
Introduction	p. 1
Granulated Metal Tiles	p. 2
Aluminum Tiles	p. 1
Copper Shingles	p. 2
Metal Tile Finishes	p. 1
Application of Metal Tiles and Panels	p. 5
Metal Tile and Tile Panel Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
13) Roofing Panels	p. 14
Introduction	p. 1
Polycarbonate Panels	p. 1
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Panels	p. 1
Asphalt Panels	p. 1
Metal Panels	p. 4
Roofing Panels For Residential Structures	p. 1
Recent Studies On Roofing Panels - An Overview	p. 2
NRCA Adds Roofing Panels To The Materials Guide	p. 4
Roofing Panel Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
14) Roofing Bitumen Asphalt and Coal Tar Pitch	p. 42
Introduction	p. 2
Petroleum Asphalts	p. 1
Petroleum Asphalt Manufacture	p. 1
Straight Run Asphalts	p. 1
Thermal Asphalts	p. 1
Propane De-Asphalting	p. 1
Native Asphalts	p. 1
Rock Asphalts	p. 1
Lake Asphalts	p. 1
The Alberta Oil Sand Deposits	p. 1
Extraction of Bitumen from Tar Sand	p. 2
Upgrading Tar Sand Bitumen	p. 1
Tars And Derivatives	p. 1
Incompatibility of Asphalt and Coal Tar Pitch (CTP)	p. 1
The Composition Of Asphalt	p. 3
Composition Depends Upon Crude Source	p. 1
Method of Manufacture Also Must be Considered	p. 1
Asphalt Manufacturing	p. 1
Vacuum Reduction	p. 1
Air Blown Asphalt	p. 1
The Batch Process	p. 1
The Continuous Process	p. 2
Catalytic Asphalt	p. 1
Modified Asphalts	p. 1
Road Cutbacks and Oils	p. 1
Emulsions	p. 1
Composition of Asphalt Emulsions	p. 1
Classification	p. 1
Emulsion Ingredients	p. 1
Asphalt	p. 1
Water	p. 1
Emulsifying Agents	p. 1
Breaking	p. 1
Curing	p. 1
Factors Affecting Setting Rate	p. 1
Mineral Fillers	p. 1
Equiviscous Temperature (Evt)	p. 1
Revisions Proposed	p. 2
Testing Of Asphalts	p. 3
Fingerprint Gas Chromatography	p. 1
Weathering	p. 1
Weathering Effects of Sunlight on Asphalt	p. 2
Effects of Sulfur on Weathering	p. 1
Antioxidants and Asphalt Durability	p. 3
Fungus Attacks On Asphalt	p. 1
Microbial Destruction Of Bitumen	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 5
15) Felts, Fabrics and Reinforcements	p. 36
Introduction	p. 1
Standards For Roofing And Waterproofing Materials.	p. 1
Fiber/Matrix Theory	p. 1
Woven Fabrics	p. 1
Non-Woven Felts	p. 1
Organic Felts	p. 1
Asbestos Felts	p. 1
Glass Fiber Felts	p. 1
Glass Composition	p. 1
Glass Fiber Mat-Making Methods	p. 2
Polyester And Other Synthetic Felts	p. 3
Durability	p. 1
Dimensional Stability	p. 1
Single Ply Roofing Membrane Reinforcements	p. 3
Polyester Fibers	p. 1
The Effect Of Moisture On Roofing Felts	p. 1
Geotextiles And Geosynthetics	p. 1
Felt And Fabric Identification	p. 1
Recent Studies On Felts And Fabrics - An Overview	p. 9
Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Roofing Felts, Fabrics And Reinforcements	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 5
16) Asphalt Shingles	p. 35
Introduction	p. 1
Why Asphalt Shingles?	p. 2
Step-By-Step Installation	p. 1
Deck Preparation	p. 1
Proper Ventilation	p. 1
Fasteners	p. 1
Applying The Shingles	p. 1
Starter Course	p. 1
First Course	p. 1
Second and Remaining Courses	p. 1
Valleys	p. 1
Detail	p. 1
Fastener Guidelines	p. 1
Finish Course	p. 1
Inspection and Replacement of Damaged	p. 1
Shingles	p. 1
More Information	p. 1
Do-It-Yourself Roofing	p. 1
Mis-Application of Asphalt Shingles Over Insulation	p. 1
Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle Manufacture	p. 1
Organic Shingles Vs Fiberglass Shingles	p. 2
The Designer Shingles - Architectural, Laminated	p. 1
Weight Vs Strength	p. 1
"Designer" Problems?	p. 1
Modified Bitumen Fiberglass Mat Shingles	p. 1
Metric Shingles	p. 1
The Bridging Application Method	p. 1
The Nesting Application Method	p. 1
Other Shingle Features And Accessories	p. 3
Annual Roof Cost	p. 1
Asphalt Shingle Repair And Maintenance	p. 1
Asphalt Shingle Recycling	p. 1
Pneumatic Tools	p. 2
The Right Tools	p. 4
Audio/Visual Training	p. 1
Standards For Asphalt Shingles	p. 1
Asphalt Shingle Suppliers	p. 1
Asphalt Shingle Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 5
17) Roll Roofing	p. 33
Introduction	p. 1
Roll Roofing Manufacturing And Specifications	p. 1
Saturants and Coating	p. 1
Organic Felt: Asphalt	p. 1
Organic Felt: Tar Saturated	p. 1
Asbestos Roofing Felts: Asphalt and Coal-Tar Saturated	p. 1
Glass-Fiber Felt	p. 1
Polyester Felts	p. 1
Mineral Stabilizers	p. 1
Fine Minerals	p. 1
Smooth-Surface Roll Roofing: Organic and Inorganic	p. 1
Mineral-Surfaced Roll Roofing	p. 1
Mineral-Surfaced Selvage-Edge Roofing	p. 1
Roll Roofing Installation	p. 1
Concealed Nail Method	p. 2
Exposed Nail Method	p. 2
Hips and Ridges	p. 1
Nails	p. 1
Double-Coverage Roll Roofing	p. 1
Caution	p. 1
Other Materials	p. 1
Roof Pitch	p. 1
Asphalt Cement	p. 1
First Course	p. 1
Second Course	p. 1
Succeeding Courses	p. 1
Special Situations	p. 2
Summary	p. 1
Roll Roof Manufacturers And Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 14
18) Built-Up Roofing Systems (BUR)	p. 57
Introduction	p. 1
Bur Components	p. 1
Decks	p. 1
Vapor Retarders	p. 1
Thermal Insulations	p. 1
Membranes	p. 1
Flashing	p. 1
Bitumen: The Critical Element	p. 1
Asphalt Quality	p. 1
Asphalt Contains Flux	p. 1
Coal-Tar Pitch	p. 1
Selecting An Asphalt Or Coal-Tar Pitch For Bur	p. 1
Asphalt Selection and Heating Requirements (EVT)	p. 1
Equiviscous Temperature	p. 1
Coal-Tar Pitch and Heating Requirements	p. 1
Felts And Vapor Retarders	p. 2
Surfacing Materials	p. 1
Hot Applied Bur	p. 1
Laying Felts: The Shingle Method	p. 1
Application of Bitumen	p. 1
Spot and Strip Mopping	p. 1
Machine Spreaders	p. 1
Tankers and Kettles	p. 1
Application Temperatures	p. 1
Heating Recommendations	p. 1
Bitumen Quantities	p. 1
Cut-Offs	p. 1
Top Pour	p. 1
Gravel	p. 1
The Hazards of Unfinished Finishing	p. 1
Work, Weather and BUR	p. 2
A Word On Workmanship	p. 1
Cold Applied Bur Emulsions And Coatings	p. 1
Application of Cold Applied BUR	p. 1
Application Errors	p. 1
Cold-Applied Performance	p. 1
Cold-Applied Polyester	p. 2
Design And Performance	p. 1
Standards And Codes	p. 1
Base Sheet And Deck Types	p. 1
Timber and Similar Decks	p. 1
Screed Decks	p. 1
Unscreed Decks	p. 1
New Approaches To Flat Roof Design	p. 2
Thermal Design Of The Flat Roof	p. 1
The Cold Roof	p. 1
Cold Roof Ventilation	p. 1
The Warm Roof	p. 1
Advantages of the Warm Roof	p. 1
The Inverted Roof	p. 1
The Causes Of Premature Bur Failures	p. 1
Workmanship	p. 1
Improper Drainage	p. 1
Effects of Moisture and the Freeze-Thaw Cycle	p. 2
Blisters	p. 1
Blister Mechanics	p. 1
Testing for Moisture	p. 1
Why Blisters Grow	p. 1
Other Factors Promoting Blister Growths	p. 1
Urethane Boards and Blistering	p. 1
Splitting	p. 1
Causes of Splitting	p. 1
Thermal Contraction	p. 1
Thermal Shock Factor (TSF)	p. 1
Insulation Movement	p. 1
Ideal Insulation	p. 1
Drying Shrinkage	p. 1
Deck Deflection	p. 1
Stress Concentrations	p. 1
How to Improve Membrane-Splitting Resistance	p. 1
Ridging	p. 1
How to Prevent Ridging	p. 1
Membrane Slippage	p. 1
preventing Slippage	p. 1
Delamination	p. 2
Alligatoring	p. 1
Surface Erosion	p. 1
Grease and BUR	p. 1
Effects of Aging and Oxidation	p. 1
Effects of Humidity and Temperature	p. 1
The New Age: Recycling Bur	p. 1
Major Built-Up Roofing Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 9
19) Protected Membrane Roofing (PMR)	p. 20
Introduction	p. 3
Advantages Of The Pmr Roofing System	p. 3
Composite Insulation Innovations In Pmr Systems	p. 1
Roof Terrace Applications For Pmr Systems	p. 1
Surface Preparation	p. 1
Membrane Application	p. 2
Reroofing Detail Design With Pmr And Its Specification	p. 1
Reroofing Surface Preparation	p. 1
Insulation and Filter Cloth	p. 1
Protected Roofing Membrane Ballast And Pavers	p. 3
Recent Studies On Protected Membrane Systems - An Overview	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 4
20) Hot-Applied Rubberized Asphalt	p. 15
Introduction	p. 2
Chemistry	p. 1
Testing	p. 1
Water Absorption	p. 1
Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 1
Ductility	p. 1
Toughness-Tenacity	p. 1
Crack-Bridging	p. 1
Plasticity (Plastic Flow)	p. 1
Results	p. 2
Specifications	p. 1
Application	p. 1
Reroofing	p. 1
Moisture, Preparation, and Dew Point	p. 1
New Roofing	p. 4
Hot Applied Rubberized Asphalt Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
21) Polyurethane Foam PUF Roofing Systems	p. 35
Introduction	p. 1
Author'S Note - Terminology	p. 1
Composition And Chemistry	p. 1
Application	p. 1
Application Criteria	p. 2
Application to Concrete Roof Decks	p. 1
Application to Wood Roof Decks	p. 1
Application to Steel Roofs	p. 1
Application to Fluted Steel Roof Decks	p. 1
Advantages And Disadvantages	p. 1
Advantages	p. 1
Disadvantages	p. 1
Proper Application Procedures	p. 3
Spray PUF Equipment Operation And Material Problems	p. 3
Coverings On Sprayed-In-Place Polyurethane Foam	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Available Coatings	p. 2
Coating Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 1
Advantages	p. 1
Disadvantages	p. 1
Granule Application	p. 1
Inspection And Maintenance	p. 1
How To Troubleshoot Spray-Polyerethane Foam Equipment	p. 3
Single Ply Over PUF?	p. 1
Manufacturers, Distributors And Contractors	p. 4
Four Important Publications on Polyurethane Foam Roofing Systems	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 5
22) Liquid Membranes and Waterproofing Coatings	p. 38
Introduction	p. 1
Cold-Applied Roofing Has Been Ignored	p. 2
Cold Applied Roofing Membranes	p. 1
Asphaltic Cut-Backs	p. 1
Asphaltic Emulsions	p. 3
Solvent-Based Membranes And Coatings	p. 2
Solvent-based materials and VOC Coating Regulations	p. 1
Chlorinated Solvents	p. 1
Water/Emulsion-Based Membranes And Coatings	p. 1
Emulsion Chemistry	p. 1
100-Percent Solids Membranes And Coatings	p. 1
Bituminous Coating Materials	p. 1
Acrylic Mastic Coatings	p. 2
Vinylidene Chloride (VDC) Copolymer Coatings	p. 2
Surface Preparation	p. 1
Application Of Cold-Applied Liquid Membranes And Coatings	p. 4
Cold Applied Coatings As A Surfacing Alternative For Hot Bur	p. 1
Acrylic Coatings Used For Maintenance On Aged Bur	p. 2
Rcma Manual	p. 1
Recent Studies On Cold Applied Liquid Membranes And Coatings For Waterproofing - An Overview	p. 8
Cold Applied Liquid Membrane and Coating Manufacturers	p. 4
References And Further Reading	p. 1
Cold Applied Liquid Membranes	p. 1
Cold Applied Liquid Coatings	p. 3
23)Foundation Wall and Underground Waterproofing	p. 46
Introduction	p. 1
Dampproofing vs Waterproofing	p. 1
Effects of water movement	p. 1
Materials For Waterproofing	p. 6
Cold-Applied Liquid Waterproofing Membranes	p. 2
Waterproofing And The Design Professional	p. 2
Using The Below-Grade Waterproofing Materials Table	p. 1
Longevity	p. 1
Crack Bridging	p. 1
Elastic Properties	p. 1
Resealability	p. 1
Leak-Localizing Capability	p. 1
Resistance to Chemicals	p. 1
puncture Resistance	p. 1
Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance	p. 1
permeability and Breathability	p. 1
Freeze/Thaw Resistance	p. 1
Shrinkage	p. 1
Emulsification in Water	p. 1
Temperature and Humidity Sensitivity	p. 1
Cure Time	p. 1
Application and Clean-Up	p. 1
Quality Control	p. 1
Compatibility	p. 1
Safety	p. 1
Seams and Grade-Line Termination	p. 1
production Rates	p. 1
Substrate Preparation	p. 1
Adaptability	p. 1
Accessories	p. 1
Ease of Job-Site Tie-Ins	p. 1
Vertical and Horizontal Applications	p. 1
protection	p. 1
Scheduling	p. 1
Warranty Program	p. 2
Available Applicators	p. 1
Cost Effectiveness	p. 1
Waterproofing Systems For Earth Sheltered Structures	p. 1
Site Planning	p. 1
Landscaping	p. 1
Backfilling and Drainage	p. 1
Floors and Roofs	p. 1
Waterproofing Membrane	p. 1
Recent Studies On Non-Roofing Waterproofing-An Overview	p. 5
Foundation Wall & Underground Waterproofing Manufacturers	p. 1
Waterproofing Material Manufacturers And Suppliers	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 1
Waterproofing Of Earth Shelters, Pools, Reservoirs	p. 1
Foreign Waterproofing Articles	p. 2
Waterproofing/Dampproofing Articles, Papers, Research	p. 2
Concrete Waterproofing	p. 1
24) Single-Ply Roofing Membranes	p. 40
Introduction	p. 1
Workmanship	p. 1
Why Single-Ply: An Historical Perspective	p. 1
The Evolution of Building Design	p. 1
The European Experience	p. 1
Technical and Economical Factors	p. 1
Energy Factors	p. 1
Labor: Is BUR a Dirty Word?	p. 1
Bur Battles Back	p. 1
polymer Chemistry And Single-Ply	p. 1
Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic	p. 1
Single Ply Classifications	p. 1
Modified Bitumens	p. 1
prefabricated and Reinforced	p. 1
Hot Applied Rubberized Asphalts (RA)	p. 1
Cold Applied Liquid Membrane (CLM)	p. 1
Thermosets (Elastomers)	p. 1
Thermoplastics	p. 2
Liquid Applied Systems	p. 1
Single Ply And System Design	p. 2
The Ballasted System	p. 1
The Adhered System	p. 1
The Mechanically Attached System	p. 1
A Basis For Selecting Roofing Membranes	p. 1
Criteria For Selecting A Single-Ply For Your Roof System	p. 1
Structural Considerations	p. 1
Deck Composition	p. 1
Load Bearing Capacity	p. 1
Deck Penetrations	p. 1
Wind Uplift and Climatic Variables	p. 1
Chemical Environment	p. 1
Roof Access	p. 1
Aesthetic	p. 1
Building Codes and Costs	p. 1
pinpointing Problems With Single-Ply	p. 1
project Pinpoint was initiated by the NRCA in 1974.	p. 1
Lap Defects	p. 1
Shrinkage	p. 1
Tear and Punctures	p. 1
Delamination	p. 1
Insulation	p. 1
Other Problems with Single-Ply	p. 1
Distribution of Problems	p. 1
problems With Moisture And Single-Plies	p. 2
Single-Ply Alerts For Further Consideration	p. 1
Design	p. 1
Field	p. 2
Conclusion	p. 1
Manufacturers of Single-ply, BUR or Both	p. 4
References And Further Reading	p. 11
25)Bitumen Modification	p. 26
Introduction	p. 1
Viscosity/Rheology	p. 5
Molecular Weight	p. 1
Compounding	p. 1
penetration	p. 1
Handling	p. 1
Bitumen Composition	p. 1
Broad Characterization Of Bitumen Constituents	p. 1
phase Equilibrium and Phase Separation	p. 3
polymeric Modifiers	p. 1
Fillers	p. 2
Bitumen/Polymer Blending	p. 3
Aging of Modified Bitumens	p. 4
Conclusion	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 3
26) Modified Bitumen	p. 52
Introduction	p. 1
It all started in Italy	p. 1
Atactic Polypropylene (APP)	p. 1
Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)	p. 2
UV Radiation	p. 1
Fundamentals	p. 1
Current modified bitumens	p. 1
Desirable features	p. 1
Current specifications	p. 1
Fire ratings	p. 1
Wind ratings	p. 1
Composition	p. 1
Structure of polymer modified bitumens	p. 1
Mixing and blending of modified bitumen	p. 1
Sheet manufacture	p. 1
Reinforcements	p. 1
polyester	p. 1
Fiberglass	p. 1
Advantages	p. 1
Disadvantages	p. 1
Modified's Limitations	p. 1
Application Precautions	p. 2
Imperative Selection Guidelines	p. 1
Technical Distinctives	p. 1
product Comparisons	p. 1
Making the Right Choice	p. 1
Better Than Bur?	p. 1
Building Movement	p. 1
Flashings	p. 1
Uv Resistance	p. 1
performance	p. 1
Testing	p. 1
Recent Developments	p. 1
Specification/Application	p. 1
Insulation	p. 1
The Membrane	p. 1
Recovering Applications	p. 1
Torch-Applied Safety	p. 5
Mb Equipment Innovations	p. 1
Quality Control (Application)	p. 4
Torching Versus Hot-Mopping (Application)	p. 1
Modified Bitumen Education	p. 1
Modified Bitumen Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 3
References And Further Reading	p. 13
27) Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)	p. 32
Introduction And History	p. 1
Composition	p. 1
Energy Savings	p. 2
Application	p. 4
Fire Resistance	p. 1
Non-Penetrating Fastening Systems	p. 2
polyester Backing Option	p. 2
Use Of Existing Equipment	p. 1
Laboratory Performance Tests	p. 5
Field Quality Control And Lab Testing	p. 3
Talc-Free EPDM Spliced with Butyl Tapes	p. 3
Other Epdm Products	p. 1
price	p. 1
EPDM Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 5
28) Vulcanized (Cured) Elastomers	p. 12
Introduction	p. 1
Neoprene	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Composition	p. 1
The Two Types of Neoprene	p. 1
Description of General Purpose Neoprenes	p. 1
Description of Adhesive Type Neoprenes	p. 1
processing Neoprenes	p. 1
Functions, Applications, Specifications and Installation of Neoprene	p. 2
Using Neoprenes for Recovering Roofs	p. 1
Neoprene Weight Limitations	p. 1
Effect of Chemical Contamination	p. 1
Additional Insulation	p. 1
NITRILE BUTADIENE POLYBLENDS (NBPs)	p. 1
Composition	p. 2
NBP Manufacturers	p. 2
Vulcanized (Cured) Elastomers Manufacturers And Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
29) Non-Vulcanized (Uncured) Elastomers	p. 12
Introduction	p. 1
A Generic Look At Uncured Polymers	p. 1
"There'S Nothing Magic About Curing"	p. 1
Elastomer Groups	p. 1
Cspe	p. 1
Cspe Advantages	p. 1
Cspe Disadvantages	p. 1
Cpe	p. 1
Hypalon/CPE Composite Membrane	p. 1
Nbp	p. 1
Non-Vulcanized Thermoplastic Elastomer Performance Review	p. 1
Chlorinated Polyethylene (Cpe)	p. 1
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (Cspe)	p. 1
polyisobutylene (Pib)	p. 1
NITRILE ALLOY with BUTADIENE ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMERS (NBP)	p. 1
Insulation Information	p. 1
Repairing Cured Material	p. 1
Application Details	p. 2
Non-Vulcanized (Uncured) Elastomers Mfrs & Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 1
30) Thermoplastic Single-Ply Membranes	p. 6
Introduction	p. 1
Eip	p. 1
Hyload	p. 2
Thermoplastic Single-Ply Membranes Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
31) Poly(vinyl) Chloride (PVC)	p. 53
Introduction	p. 1
History	p. 1
Composition	p. 1
pVC Compounding	p. 3
The Importance of Plasticizers	p. 2
Dimensional Stability	p. 2
Thermal Stability	p. 1
Chemical Resistance And Compatibility	p. 1
Application	p. 1
The Do's of PVC	p. 1
The Don'ts of PVC	p. 1
Lap Joints	p. 2
Flashings	p. 2
Nightly Tie-Offs	p. 1
partial Retrofit Projects	p. 3
Standards And Specifications	p. 3
New Guidelines	p. 2
Testing	p. 1
Temperature-Induced Load	p. 1
Heat Aging	p. 1
Accelerated Weathering	p. 1
puncture Damage	p. 1
Shattering of PVC	p. 1
Symptoms and Conditions	p. 1
Maintenance and Repairs	p. 2
Other Defects	p. 2
Tensile Tests	p. 2
Recent Studies On Pvc Roofing Membranes - An Overview	p. 5
past and Present PVC Technology Contributors	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 11
32) Polyisobutylene (PIB)	p. 13
Introduction	p. 1
Advantages	p. 1
What are the advantages of the PIB system?	p. 1
Application	p. 1
Chemistry	p. 1
The System Itself	p. 1
Limitations	p. 2
Alternative Application Problems	p. 1
Repair Methods	p. 1
Manufacture	p. 1
partially Adhered	p. 1
Contractor's Comments	p. 1
New Construction	p. 3
References And Further Reading	p. 1
33) Adhesion and Adhesives	p. 52
Introduction	p. 1
Terms Used In Adhesion Science And Technology	p. 2
The Theory Of Adhesion	p. 1
Adhesion Bonds	p. 2
Surface energy of solids	p. 1
Interdiffusion theory	p. 1
Wetting and setting	p. 2
Wood As An Adherend	p. 1
Basic structure of wood	p. 1
Bulk properties of wood	p. 3
plastics As Adherends	p. 1
Bulk properties of plastics	p. 3
Surfaces of plastics and their preparation for bonding	p. 1
Metals As Adherends	p. 3
Metal surfaces and their preparation for bonding	p. 1
Bonding elastomers to metal substrates	p. 1
Selecting An Adhesive	p. 1
Natural And Synthetic Rubber Adhesives	p. 2
Hot Melt Adhesives	p. 1
Thermoplastic rubbers	p. 1
Adhesive Emulsions	p. 1
Acrylic Adhesives	p. 1
phenolic Resin Adhesives	p. 1
Urea-formaldehyde	p. 1
polyurethane And Isocyanate Based Adhesives	p. 1
Epoxy Resins	p. 1
Asphalt As An Adhesive	p. 1
Testing	p. 1
Tests on adhesives	p. 1
Tests on bonded joints and assemblies	p. 2
Testing Adhesives Prior To Bonding	p. 3
Tests For Screening New Adhesive Products	p. 2
Non-Destructive Testing	p. 2
Adhesion And Cohesion Of Rubberized Asphalts	p. 1
Adhesion Of Coatings	p. 2
Other Useful Adhesive Information	p. 3
Adhesive Storage	p. 1
Adhesive Manufacturers And Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 6
34) Sealants, Caulks and Joint Movement	p. 39
Introduction	p. 1
Building Joints and Their Theoretical Function	p. 1
Building Joint Types	p. 1
Construction Joints	p. 1
Movement and Butt Joints	p. 1
Non-Working and Static Joints	p. 1
Contraction Joints	p. 1
Expansion and Isolation Joints	p. 1
Design Considerations	p. 1
Joint Dimension - Minimum Width and Depth	p. 1
Difficult Substrates	p. 1
Surface Preparation	p. 1
Joint Adjustment	p. 1
Joint Contaminants	p. 1
Solvents	p. 1
plastic Substrates	p. 1
Miscellaneous Substrates	p. 1
priming	p. 1
primer, solvent and sealant safety and handling	p. 1
Accessory Materials	p. 1
Filler Boards	p. 1
Foam Filler - Back-up Rod	p. 1
Bond-Breakers	p. 1
Back-up Materials	p. 1
Caulking Compounds	p. 1
Oil-Based Caulks	p. 1
Butyl Caulks	p. 1
Acrylic Latex Caulks	p. 1
Solvent-Release Acrylic Caulks	p. 1
Elastomeric Sealants	p. 3
Sealant Classification	p. 1
Curing Of Sealants	p. 1
Application Tips In Adverse Environments	p. 1
Incompatibility	p. 1
Causes of Failure	p. 2
Tooling And Finishing	p. 1
Selecting Sealants, Sealant Manufacturers, And Applicators	p. 1
Testing And Evaluation Of Sealants	p. 13
Adhesive, Caulking, and Sealant Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 2
References And Further Reading	p. 3
35) Lap Joint Techniques for Single-Ply Membranes	p. 41
Introduction	p. 1
Lap Joint History	p. 2
Types Of Lap Joints	p. 1
Thermoplastic Materials	p. 1
Thermoset Materials	p. 1
Modified Bitumens	p. 1
plastic film parting agents	p. 1
Types Of Roofing Systems	p. 1
One-Part Butyl Adhesive Lap Joints For Epdm	p. 1
Application method for butyl adhesive	p. 5
What can go wrong and why	p. 2
Butyl Tapes For Epdm	p. 2
Neoprene For Epdm Lap Joints	p. 1
HEAT-WELDABLE EPDMs	p. 1
Hot Air Welding	p. 2
Other Methods Of Achieving A Lap Joint	p. 3
Lap Joint Quality Assurance	p. 1
Surface preparation	p. 1
Checking seam integrity	p. 4
Lap Joint Testing	p. 1
Joint Integrity	p. 1
One-part butyl-based and neoprene-based adhesive lap joints	p. 3
Single-Ply Field Seam Evaluation	p. 5
Organizations	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 4
36) Fabric Roofs	p. 34
Introduction	p. 2
Fabric Structure Science: How And Why It Works	p. 1
History Of Fabric Roofs	p. 1
Developed For Decades	p. 1
portable Structures	p. 1
Design Characteristics	p. 1
High Tensile And Tear Strengths	p. 1
Excellent Coating Adhesion	p. 1
Non-Wicking	p. 1
Dimensional Stability	p. 1
Flame Resistance	p. 1
Resistance To Fungus And Mildew Growth	p. 1
Weldability	p. 1
Chemical Resistance	p. 1
Extended Life Span	p. 2
Energy Factors	p. 1
The Dead Air Factor	p. 2
Energy Balance	p. 1
Future Fabric Schemes	p. 4
Testing	p. 2
Testing Synopsis	p. 1
Damaged Material Assessment	p. 1
Application	p. 1
Tension	p. 4
Disadvantages	p. 1
performance	p. 1
Compliance	p. 1
Future Trends	p. 1
Summary	p. 3
Fabric Roof Major Manufacturers and Suppliers	p. 1
References And Further Reading	p. 2
38) Fasteners and Fastening Techniques	p. 43
Foreword	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
General Fastener Information	p. 1
History	p. 1
Fastener Application	p. 1
Inspect the deck	p. 1
Check the insulation	p. 1
pull-Out Tests	p. 1
Determine the fastening pattern	p. 1
Thermal Bridging	p. 3
Installation	p. 1
Safety	p. 1
Screw-Type Fasteners And Fastening Systems	p. 2
performance	p. 1
Analytical Fastener Design	p. 2
Wood Decks	p. 1
Equipment	p. 1
Nail-Type Fastening And Fastening Systems	p. 1
Equipment	p. 1
Nailing Asphalt Shingles	p. 1
Staple-Type Fasteners And Fastening Systems	p. 1
Equipment	p. 1
Anchor-Type Fasteners And Fastening Systems	p. 1
Concrete decks	p. 2
Tectum or Precast Lightweight Concrete	p. 1
Equipment	p. 1
Termination-Bars And Systems	p. 1
Non-Penetrating Fasteners	p. 1
Fastening Clay Or Concrete Tiles	p. 1
History	p. 1
Fastening Roofing Tiles	p. 2
Tile Tie Systems	p. 2
Tiles In High Wind Areas	p. 1
New Tile Adhesive	p. 1
Corrosion And Fasteners	p. 1
Mechanical Fastener Testing And Research	p. 2
Fastener Standards	p. 1
Major U.S. Fastener Manufacturers And Suppliers	p. 11
References And Further Reading	p. 3
39) Corrosion Problems and Preventive Measures	p. 57
Introduction	p. 1
What Is Corrosion?	p. 1
The Principle Of Galvanic Corrosion	p. 2
Types Of Corrosion	p. 1
General Corrosion	p. 1
General Corrosion: growth	p. 1
Galvanic Corrosion	p. 2
Corrosion by Aeration Cells	p. 6
Biochemical Corrosion	p. 1
Chemical Corrosion	p. 3
Localized Corrosion (pitting)	p. 1
Stress Corrosion Cracking	p. 2
Corrosion Prevention	p. 1
Coatings	p. 3
Corrosion Rate	p. 2
The Speed of Corrosion of Carbon Steel	p. 3
Corrosion of Zinc and Galvanized Steel	p. 2
Stainless Steels and Duplex Systems	p. 1
Stainless Steel	p. 1
Austenitic Stainless Steels	p. 1
Ferritic Stainless Steels	p. 1
Martensitic Stainless Steels	p. 1
Corrosion of Stainless Steels	p. 1
Fastener/Steel Sheet Interaction	p. 3
Corrosion In Timber	p. 1
Corrosion In Steel Reinforcing Of Concrete	p. 2
Cathodic Protection Systems	p. 2
Design Considerations for Cathodic Protection Systems	p. 1
Cathodic Protection System Types	p. 1
Testing For Corrosion Resistance	p. 1
ASTM Committee G-1	p. 1
Guideline Methods	p. 1
General Test Methods	p. 2
Specific Test Methods	p. 1
Reference Methods	p. 1
Corrosivity Measurement Standards	p. 1
Corrosion Forums and Control for Infrastructure	p. 1
Corrosion Testing Related to Roofing	p. 1
Kesternich Test (DIN-50018)	p. 1
Salt Spray Test	p. 1
Recent Studies On Corrosion - An Overview	p. 7
References And Further Reading	p. 3
40) Special, Unique and Exotic Roofs	p. 49
Introduction	p. 1
Roofing And Aesthetics	p. 1
Advanced Roofing Technology	p. 1
photovoltaic Roofing Systems	p. 1
Air Curtain Roofs	p. 1
Definition	p. 1
The Structure	p. 8
References And Further Reading	p. 38